Countries, geography, nationalities and languages
| EXAMPLE |
NEW WORD/ EXPRESSION |
| The stream was quite shallow so we were able to walk across it. | stream: water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by a channel cut into rock or ground, usually at ground level |
| Keep away from the edge of the cliff – you might fall. | cliff: a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast |
| A whole valley was drowned when the river was dammed. | an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it |
| We sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay. | bay: a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sides |
| Rimini is a thriving resort on the east coast of Italy. | coast: the land next to or close to the sea |
| Farmland surrounded the villages and was farmed by the community as a whole under the direction of a lord. | farmland: land that is used for or is suitable for farming |
| We had a good view of all the ships coming into/leaving port. | port: a town by the sea or by a river that has a harbour, or the harbour itself |
| They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the scenery. | scenery: the general appearance of the natural environment, especially when it is beautiful |
| Were you stopped at the border? | border: a line that has been agreed to divide one country from another |
| Plant the seeds in potting soil. | soil: the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow |
| Ten percent of the population lived in poverty. | population: all the people living in a particular country, area, or place |
| The war is threatening to engulf the entire region. | region: a particular area or part of the world, or any of the large official areas into which a country is divided |
| All areas of the country will have some rain tonight. | area: a particular part of a place, piece of land, or country |
| These remote islands are inhabited only by birds and small animals. | island: a piece of land completely surrounded by water |
| “Just look at that waterfall! Isn’t it amazing?” she marvelled. | waterfall: water, especially from a river or stream, dropping from a higher to a lower point, sometimes from a great height |
| They were lost in the desert for nine days. | desert: an area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many plants |
| We sailed slowly down the river. | river: a natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake, or another river |
| Country | Adjective | Language(s) | Capital city |
| Canada | Canadian | English, French | Ottawa |
| France | French | French | Paris |
| Italy | Italian | Italian | Rome |
| Vocabulary note |
| The names of countries, nationalities and cities must begin with a capital letter: Brazil, Brazilian, Portuguese |
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